Towers

塔 (ta) means "tower, pagoda"

土 (tu) means "earth,dust"

搭 (da) means "build, scaffolding".   Combine them to get tower.

广州  Guangzhou is a city.

东 dong = east

广州东塔  Guangzhou Dong Ta = Guangzhou East Tower, a 530m tower under construction.

广州塔 Guangzhou Ta, Canton Tower, is the world's tallest TV tower at 600m.

京  jing means capital, like in Beijing.

東 dong, also means east and is another form of the same character

東京  dong jing (east capital) is the name of Tokyo.

都  dou means metropolitan area

東京都 dong jing dou is the Tokyo metropolitan area 

东京塔 dong jing ta is the Tokyo Tower, the 333m TV tower 

铁 tie means "iron"

东京铁塔 dong jing tie ta = Tokyo Tower, emphasizing that it is made from iron.

心 xin means "heart, mind"

大 da means "big, huge, large"

厦 sha or xia means "tall building" 

上海 = Shanghai 

上海中心大厦 (Shanghai zhongxin dasha) is the Chinese name of Shanghai Tower, a 632m tower under construction.  So the name means something like "Shanghai Chinese smart huge tall building".  You can leave off the last two characters, so 上海中心 is the nickname of the building.

世 shi = life, age, generation 

贸 mao = trade, commerce

世贸大厦  shi mao dasha = World Trade Center.  The Towers in New York that were destroyed in 2001.

帝国 di guo = empire or imperial

帝国大厦 (di guo dasha)  is thus the Empire State Building